A STUDY OF LITERATURE REVIEW OF THE USE OF PROBLEM BASED LEARNING MODEL FOR HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS IN GEOGRAPHY MATERIAL
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.66303/dp7abs26Keywords:
PBL, HOTS, Geography, Social geography, Physical and environmental geographyAbstract
Geography learning examines the reciprocal interactions between humans and space which form the basis for understanding a phenomenon that requires high-level thinking skills with PBL (Problem Based Learning). However, the development and application of these models are still dominated by physical and environmental geography materials, while social geography materials receive relatively less attention. Therefore, this study aims to synthesize the latest literature (2020–2025) to compare the determinants of the proportion of PBL-based research on physical/environmental geography and social geography materials, analyze the factors that influence this development gap, and formulate strategies for using higher-order thinking learning models in the application of social geography materials. The study uses a meta-synthesis approach to summarize qualitative and quantitative findings from various research results. The results show that 76% of PBL applications use physical/environmental geography material. One of the main strategies is the design of authentic problems based on spatial social phenomena, such as urbanization, regional inequality, spatial utilization conflicts, and socio-cultural changes. These issues can encourage students to conduct cause-and-effect analysis, policy evaluation, and data-based decision making, as well as spatial data integration and local case studies, for example through the use of thematic maps, population data, current news, and field observation results. This approach allows students to relate social concepts to spatial realities, thereby improving their critical and reflective thinking skills. The results of this study are expected to contribute to strengthening the balance of holistic and integrative geography learning development in both physical/environmental geography and social geography materials.
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